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NCERT Ebook – Plant Growth and Development
Growth Differentiation, Dedifferentiation and Redifferentiation Development Plant Growth Regulators Photoperiodism Vernalisation Seed Dormancy Chapter 15 Plant Growth and Development You have already studied the organisation of a flowering plant in Chapter 5. Have you ever thought about where and how the structures like roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds arise and that too in an orderly sequence? You are, by now, aware of the terms seed, seedling, plantlet, mature plant. You have also seen that trees continue to increase in height or girth over a period of time. However, the leaves, flowers and fruits of the same tree not only have limited dimensions but also appear and fall periodically and some time repeatedly. Why does vegetative phase precede flowering in a plant? All plant organs are made up of a variety of tissues; is there any relationship between the structure of a cell, a tissue, an organ and the function they perform? Can the structure and the function of these be altered? All cells of a plant are descendents of the zygote. The question is, then, why and how do they have different structural and functional attributes? Development is the sum of two processes: growth and differentiation. To begin with, it is essential and sufficient to know that the development of a mature plant from a zygote (fertilised egg) follow a precise and highly ordered succession of events. During this process a complex body organisation is formed that produces roots, leaves, branches, flowers, fruits, and seeds, and eventually they die (Figure 15.1). The first step in the process of plant growth is seed germination. The seed germinates when favourable conditions for growth exist in the environment. In absence of such favourable conditions the seeds do not germinate and goes into a period of suspended growth or rest. Once favourable conditions return, the seeds resume metabolic activities and growth takes place. 15.1 Growth 15.2 Differentiation, Dedifferentiation and Redifferentiation 15.3 Development 15.4 Plant Growth Regulators…
NCERT Ebook – Respiration in Plants
Do Plants Breathe? Glycolysis Fermentation Aerobic Respiration The Respiratory Balance Sheet Amphibolic Pathway Respiratory Quotient Chapter 14 Respiration in Plants All of us breathe to live, but why is breathing so essential to life? What happens when we breathe? Also, do all living organisms, including plants and microbes, breathe? If so, how? All living…
NCERT Ebook – Photosynthesis in Higher Plants
What do we Know? Early Experiments Where does Photosynthesis take Place? How many Types of Pigments are Involved in Photosynthesis?…
NCERT Ebook – Mineral Nutrition (OLD NCERT)
Methods to Study the Mineral Requirements of Plants Essential Mineral Elements Mechanism of Absorption of Elements Translocation of Solutes Soil…
NCERT Ebook – Transport in Plants (OLD NCERT)
Means of Transport Plant-Water Relations Long Distance Transport of Water Transpiration Uptake and Transport of Mineral Nutrients Phloem Transport: Flow…
NCERT Ebook – Cell Cycle and Cell Division
Cell Cycle M Phase Significance of Mitosis Meiosis Significance of Meiosis Chapter 10 Cell Cycle and Cell Division 10.1 Cell Cycle 10.2 M Phase 10.3 Significance of Mitosis 10.4 Meiosis 10.5 Significance of Meiosis Are you aware that all organisms, even the largest, start their life from a single cell? You may wonder how a single cell then goes on to form such large organisms. Growth and reproduction are characteristics of cells, indeed of all living organisms. All cells reproduce by dividing into two, with each parental cell giving rise to two daughter cells each time they divide. These newly formed daughter cells can themselves grow and divide, giving rise to a new cell population that is formed by the growth and division of a single parental cell and its progeny. In other words, such cycles of growth and division allow a single cell to form a structure consisting of millions of cells. 10.1 Cell Cycle…
NCERT Ebook – Biomolecules
How to Analyse Chemical Composition? Primary and Secondary Metabolites Biomacromolecules Proteins Polysaccharides Nucleic Acids Structure of Proteins Nature of Bond…
NCERT Ebook – Cell – The Unit of Life
What is a Cell? Cell Theory An Overview of Cell Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells Unit 3 Cell: Structure and Functions Chapter 8 Cell: The Unit of Life Chapter 9 Biomolecules…
NCERT Ebook – Anatomy of Flowering Plants
1.The Tissues 2.The Tissue System 3.Anatomy of Dicotyledonous and Monocotyledonous Plants 4.Secondary Growth Chapter 6 Anatomy of Flowering Plants You can very easily see the structural similarities and variations in the external morphology of the larger living organism, both plants and animals. Similarly, if we were to study the internal structure, one also finds several similarities as well as differences. This chapter introduces you to the internal structure and functional organisation of higher plants. Study of internal structure of plants is called anatomy. Plants have cells as the basic unit, cells are organised into tissues and in turn the tissues are organised into organs. Different organs in a plant show differences in their internal structure. Within angiosperms, the monocots and dicots are also seen to be anatomically different. Internal structures also show adaptations to diverse environments. 6.1 The Tissues 6.2 The Tissue System 6.3 Anatomy of Dicotyledonous and Monocotyledonous Plants…
NCERT Ebook – Morphology of Flowering Plants
1.The Root 2.The Stem 3.The Leaf 4.The Inflorescence 5.The Flower 6.The Fruit 7.The Seed 8.Semi-technical Description of a Typical Flowering…